1. Menene flocculants, coagulants da conditioners?
Ana iya raba waɗannan wakilai zuwa rukuni masu zuwa bisa ga amfani daban-daban a cikin maganin tace sludge:
Flocculant: wani lokacin ana kiransa coagulant, ana iya amfani da shi azaman hanyar ƙarfafa rabuwar ruwa mai ƙarfi, ana amfani da shi a cikin babban tankin sedimentation, tankin sedimentation na biyu, tankin flotation da magani na uku ko tsarin magani na gaba.
Taimakon haɗin gwiwa: Magungunan haɗin gwiwa suna taka rawa wajen haɓaka tasirin haɗin gwiwa.
Na'urar sanyaya daki: Wanda kuma aka sani da na'urar rage ruwa, ana amfani da shi don sanyaya sauran laka kafin a cire ruwa, kuma nau'ikansa sun haɗa da wasu daga cikin flocculants da coagulants da aka ambata a sama.
2. Flocculant
Flocculants wani nau'in abubuwa ne da za su iya rage ko kawar da daidaiton ruwan sama da daidaiton polymerization na barbashi da aka watsa a cikin ruwa, kuma su sa barbashi da aka watsar su haɗu su zama taruwa don cirewa.
Dangane da sinadaran da ke cikinsa, ana iya raba flocculants zuwa inorganic flocculants da organic flocculants.
Inorganic flocculants
Gishirin aluminum na gargajiya marasa tsari sune gishirin aluminum mai ƙarancin ƙwayoyin halitta da gishirin ƙarfe. Gishirin aluminum galibi sun haɗa da aluminum sulfate (AL2(SO4)3∙18H2O), alum (AL2(SO4)3∙K2SO4∙24H2O), sodium aluminate (NaALO3), gishirin ƙarfe galibi sun haɗa da ferric chloride (FeCL3∙6H20), ferrous sulfate (FeSO4∙6H20) da ferric sulfate (Fe2(SO4)3∙2H20).
Gabaɗaya, inorganic flocculants suna da halaye na sauƙin samun kayan masarufi, shiri mai sauƙi, ƙarancin farashi, da tasirin magani matsakaici, don haka ana amfani da su sosai a cikin maganin ruwa.
Inorganic polymer flocculant
Za a ƙara haɗa polymers ɗin da ke tushen hydroxyl da oxygen na Al(III) da Fe(III) zuwa tarawa, waɗanda za a ajiye su a cikin ruwan da ke cikin ruwa a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi, kuma girman barbashi zai kasance a cikin kewayon nanometer. Sakamakon yawan shan su.
Idan aka kwatanta yadda suke amsawa da kuma yadda suke yin polymerization, martanin aluminum polymer ya fi sauƙi kuma siffar ta fi karko, yayin da hydrolyzed polymer na baƙin ƙarfe yana amsawa da sauri kuma cikin sauƙi yana rasa kwanciyar hankali da kuma fashewa.
Fa'idodin flocculants na polymer marasa tsari sun bayyana ne saboda yana da inganci fiye da flocculants na gargajiya kamar aluminum sulfate da ferric chloride, kuma ya fi rahusa fiye da flocculants na polymer masu tsari. Yanzu an yi amfani da Polyaluminum chloride cikin nasara a cikin hanyoyin magance ruwa daban-daban, ruwan sharar masana'antu da najasa na birni, gami da kafin magani, magani na tsaka-tsaki da magani na gaba, kuma a hankali ya zama babban flocculant. Duk da haka, dangane da yanayin jiki, matakin polymerization da tasirin coagulation-flocculation mai dacewa, flocculants na polymer marasa tsari har yanzu suna cikin matsayi tsakanin flocculants na gishirin ƙarfe na gargajiya da flocculants na polymer masu tsari.
Polyaluminum chloride, pac,msds policloruro de aluminio, cas no 1327 41 9,policloruro de aluminio, sinadarin pac don maganin ruwa, poly aluminum chloride, wanda aka fi sani da PAC, yana da dabarar sinadarai ALn(OH)mCL3n-m. PAC wani electrolyte ne mai yawan gaske wanda zai iya rage yawan gubar colloidal na datti kamar yumbu (cajin da yawa) a cikin ruwa. Saboda girman nauyin kwayoyin halitta da ƙarfin sha, flocs ɗin da aka samar sun fi girma, kuma aikin flocculation da sedimentation ya fi sauran flocculants kyau.
Poly aluminum chloride yana da babban matakin polymerization, kuma juyawa cikin sauri bayan ƙarawa na iya rage lokacin samuwar floc sosai. poly aluminum chloride PAC ba ya shafar zafin ruwa sosai, kuma yana aiki da kyau lokacin da zafin ruwa ya yi ƙasa. Yana rage ƙimar pH na ruwa ƙasa, kuma kewayon pH da ya dace yana da faɗi (ana iya amfani da shi a cikin kewayon pH = 5 ~ 9), don haka ba lallai ba ne a ƙara wakilin alkaline. Yawan PAC ƙarami ne, adadin laka da aka samar shi ma ƙarami ne, kuma amfani, sarrafawa da aiki sun fi dacewa, kuma ba ya lalata kayan aiki da bututun mai. Saboda haka, PAC yana da halin maye gurbin aluminum sulfate a hankali a fannin maganin ruwa, kuma rashin amfanin sa shine farashin ya fi na flocculants na gargajiya.
Bugu da ƙari, daga mahangar kimiyyar mafita,PAC poly aluminum chlorideshine matsakaicin samfurin motsi na tsarin amsawar hydrolysis-polymerization-precipitation na gishirin aluminum, wanda ba shi da kwanciyar hankali a yanayin zafi. Gabaɗaya, ya kamata a yi amfani da samfuran PAC na ruwa cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci (samfuran daskararru suna da aiki mai ƙarfi). , ana iya adana su na tsawon lokaci). Ƙara wasu gishirin da ba su da sinadarai (kamar CaCl2, MnCl2, da sauransu) ko macromolecules (kamar polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylamide, da sauransu) na iya inganta kwanciyar hankalin PAC, kuma yana iya ƙara ƙarfin haɗin kai.
Dangane da tsarin samarwa, ana gabatar da anions ɗaya ko da yawa (kamar SO42-, PO43-, da sauransu) a cikin tsarin kera PAC, kuma ana iya canza tsarin polymer da rarrabawar morphological zuwa wani mataki ta hanyar polymerization, ta haka ne inganta kwanciyar hankali da ingancin PAC; idan an gabatar da wasu abubuwan cationic, kamar Fe3+, a cikin tsarin kera PAC don yin Al3+ da Fe3+ staggered hydrolytically polymerized, composite flocculant polyaluminum iron za a iya samu.
Ruwan polymer na halitta
Sinadaran polymer flocculants galibi sune polypropylene da polyethylene, kamar polyacrylamide da polyethyleneimine. Waɗannan flocculants duk macromolecules ne masu layi-layi masu narkewa cikin ruwa, kowane macromolecule ya ƙunshi raka'o'i masu maimaitawa da yawa waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙungiyoyin caji, don haka ana kiransu polyelectrolytes. Waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙungiyoyin caji masu kyau sune polyelectrolytes cationic, kuma waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙungiyoyin caji masu kyau sune polyelectrolytes anionic, waɗanda ba su ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin caji masu kyau ko marasa kyau ba, kuma ana kiransu polyelectrolytes nonionic.
A halin yanzu, mafi yawan amfani da polymer flocculants shine anionic, kuma suna iya taka rawa ne kawai wajen taimakawa wajen hana coagulation na dattin colloidal da ke cikin ruwa. Sau da yawa ba za a iya amfani da shi shi kaɗai ba, amma ana amfani da shi tare da gishirin aluminum da gishirin ƙarfe. Cationic flocculants na iya taka rawar coagulation da flocculation a lokaci guda kuma ana amfani da su su kaɗai, don haka sun bunƙasa cikin sauri.
A halin yanzu, ana amfani da polymers marasa ionic na polyacrylamide akai-akai a ƙasarmu, waɗanda galibi ana amfani da su tare da gishirin ƙarfe da aluminum. Ana amfani da tasirin hana ƙarfe da aluminum a kan ƙwayoyin colloidal da kuma kyakkyawan aikin flocculation na polymer flocculants don samun sakamako mai gamsarwa na magani. Polyacrylamide yana da halaye na ƙarancin allurai, saurin coagulation mai sauri, da manyan flocs masu ƙarfi da ake amfani da su. Kashi 80% na flocculants na polymer na roba da ake samarwa a yanzu a ƙasata sune wannan samfurin.
Polyacrylamide PAM, amfani da polyelectrolyte, polyelectrolyte cationic foda, cationic polyelectrolyte, cationic polymer, cationic polyacrylamide shine mafi yawan amfani da robar polymer flocculant, polyelectrolyte, kuma wani lokacin ana amfani da shi azaman coagulant. Kayan da ake samarwa na polyacrylamide shine polyacrylonitrile CH2=CHCN. A wasu yanayi, ana samar da acrylonitrile ta hanyar hydrolyzed don samar da acrylamide, sannan acrylamide ana yin polymerization na dakatarwa don samun polyacrylamide. Polyacrylamide resin ne mai narkewa cikin ruwa, kuma samfuran suna da ƙarfi da ruwa mai kauri tare da wani yawan mai.
Ainihin nau'in polyacrylamide da ke akwai a cikin ruwa shine na'urar bazuwar. Saboda na'urar bazuwar tana da wani girman barbashi da kuma wasu ƙungiyoyin amide a saman sa, yana iya taka rawar da ta dace da gada da kuma ƙarfin sha, wato, yana da wani girman barbashi. wani ƙarfin flocculation.
Duk da haka, saboda dogon sarkar polyacrylamide an naɗe ta zuwa na'ura, iyakar haɗinta ƙarami ne. Bayan an haɗa ƙungiyoyin amide guda biyu, yana daidai da soke hulɗar juna da kuma asarar wuraren sha biyu. Bugu da ƙari, wasu daga cikin ƙungiyoyin amide suna naɗe a cikin tsarin na'ura. Cikinsa ba zai iya haɗuwa da kuma sha ƙwayoyin ƙazanta a cikin ruwa ba, don haka ba za a iya yin amfani da ƙarfin sha ba gaba ɗaya.
Domin sake raba ƙungiyoyin amide da aka haɗa da kuma fallasa ƙungiyoyin amide da aka ɓoye a waje, mutane suna ƙoƙarin faɗaɗa na'urar bazuwar yadda ya kamata, har ma suna ƙoƙarin ƙara wasu ƙungiyoyi tare da cations ko anions zuwa dogon sarkar kwayoyin halitta, yayin da suke inganta ikon sha da gadawa da tasirin tsaka-tsakin lantarki da matsewa na layin lantarki mai lamba biyu. Ta wannan hanyar, ana samun jerin polyacrylamide flocculants ko coagulants tare da halaye daban-daban bisa ga PAM.
A cikin maganin zubar jini a cikin ruwan sharar gida, wani lokacin flocculant guda ɗaya ba zai iya cimma kyakkyawan tasirin zubar jini ba, kuma sau da yawa yana da mahimmanci a ƙara wasu magunguna masu taimako don inganta tasirin zubar jini. Wannan maganin taimako ana kiransa taimakon zubar jini. Coagulants da aka fi amfani da su sune chlorine, lemun tsami, silicic acid mai kunnawa, manne na ƙashi da sodium alginate, carbon mai kunnawa da sauran yumbu daban-daban.
Wasu ƙwayoyin halittar jini ba sa taka rawa a cikin aikin haɗin jini, amma ta hanyar daidaitawa da inganta yanayin haɗin jini, suna taka rawar taimakawa ƙwayoyin halittar jini wajen samar da tasirin haɗin jini. Wasu ƙwayoyin halittar jini suna shiga cikin samar da ƙwayoyin halittar jini, suna inganta tsarin ƙwayoyin halittar jini, kuma suna iya sanya ƙananan ƙwayoyin halittar jini da marasa tsari da ƙwayoyin halittar jini marasa tsari ke samarwa su zama ƙananan ƙwayoyin halittar jini masu kauri da tauri.
4. Na'urar sanyaya daki
Ana iya raba na'urorin sanyaya iska, waɗanda aka fi sani da masu fitar da ruwa daga danshi zuwa sassa biyu: na'urorin sanyaya iska marasa tsari da na'urorin sanyaya iska marasa tsari. Na'urorin sanyaya iska marasa tsari gabaɗaya sun dace da tace ruwa daga datti da kuma tacewa daga faranti da firam, yayin da na'urorin sanyaya iska marasa tsari sun dace da tace ruwa daga datti mai ƙarfi da kuma tace ruwa daga datti mai ƙarfi.
5. dangantakar da ke tsakaninflocculants, coagulants, da kuma conditioners
Maganin bushewa shine maganin da aka ƙara kafin a cire ruwa daga cikin ƙasa, wato, maganin dumama, don haka ma'anar maganin bushewa da maganin dumama iri ɗaya ne. Yawanci ana ƙididdige yawan maganin bushewa ko maganin dumama a matsayin kashi na nauyin busassun daskararru na ƙasa.
Ana amfani da Flocculants don cire daskararru da aka daka a cikin najasa kuma suna da mahimmanci a fannin maganin ruwa. Ana nuna yawan flocculant gabaɗaya ta hanyar adadin da aka ƙara a cikin adadin ruwan da za a yi wa magani.
Ana iya kiran adadin maganin bushewar ruwa (mai sanyaya ruwa), maganin flocculant, da kuma maganin coagulation. Ana iya amfani da wannan maganin a matsayin maganin flocculant wajen magance najasa, kuma ana iya amfani da shi a matsayin maganin sanyaya ruwa ko kuma maganin rage ruwa a wajen magance yawan laka.
Ana kiran coagulants coagulants idan aka yi amfani da su a matsayin flocculants a fannin maganin ruwa. Ba a kiran coagulants iri ɗaya a maganin datti mai yawa ba, amma gabaɗaya ana kiransu da conditioners ko dehydrating agents.
Lokacin amfani da wanimai flocculant, tunda adadin daskararrun da aka dakatar a cikin ruwa yana da iyaka, domin a sami cikakkiyar hulɗa tsakanin flocculant da barbashi da aka dakatar, ana buƙatar a samar da isasshen lokaci ga kayan haɗin da amsawa. Misali, haɗawa yana ɗaukar daƙiƙa goma zuwa mintuna da yawa. Haɗawa yana buƙatar mintuna 15 zuwa 30. Lokacin da aka cire ruwa daga laka, yawanci yakan ɗauki 'yan daƙiƙa kaɗan ne kawai daga lokacin da aka ƙara mai sanyaya a cikin laka da ke shiga injin ɗin cire ruwa, wato, kawai tsarin haɗawa daidai da flocculant, kuma babu lokacin amsawa, kuma gogewa ta kuma nuna cewa tasirin gyaran zai ƙaru tare da tsayawa. ya ragu akan lokaci.
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Lokacin Saƙo: Yuli-09-2022