Maganin Ruwan Sharar Chitosan

A cikin tsarin kula da ruwa na al'ada, flocculant da aka fi amfani da su shine gishiri na aluminum da gishiri na ƙarfe, gishirin aluminum da ya rage a cikin ruwan da aka gyara zai yi haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam, kuma ragowar gishirin ƙarfe zai shafi launin ruwa, da dai sauransu; a mafi yawan A cikin maganin datti, yana da wuya a shawo kan matsalolin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa na biyu kamar yawan sludge da wuyar zubar da sludge. Sabili da haka, neman samfurin halitta wanda baya haifar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi don maye gurbin gishiri na aluminum da gishiri na baƙin ƙarfe shine buƙatar aiwatar da dabarun ci gaba mai dorewa a yau. Flocculants na halitta polymer flocculants sun jawo hankalin da yawa a tsakanin yawancin flocculants saboda yawan albarkatun albarkatun su, ƙarancin farashi, zaɓi mai kyau, ƙaramin sashi, aminci da rashin guba, da cikakkiyar ɓarna. Bayan shekaru da yawa na ci gaba, adadi mai yawa na polymer flocculants tare da kaddarorin daban-daban da amfani sun fito, daga cikinsu akwai sitaci, lignin, chitosan da manne kayan lambu a halin yanzu ana amfani da su sosai.

ChitosanKayayyaki

Chitosan fari ne amorphous, mai kauri mai kauri, maras narkewa a cikin ruwa amma mai narkewa a cikin acid, wanda shine samfurin deacetylation na chitin. Gabaɗaya magana, ana iya kiran chitosan chitosan lokacin da aka cire ƙungiyar N-acetyl a cikin chitin da fiye da 55%. Chitin shine babban sashi na exoskeletons na dabbobi da kwari, kuma shine na biyu mafi girma na kwayoyin halitta a duniya bayan cellulose. A matsayin flocculant, chitosan na halitta ne, mara guba kuma mai lalacewa. Akwai ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl da yawa, ƙungiyoyin amino da wasu ƙungiyoyin N-acetylamino waɗanda aka rarraba akan sarkar macromolecular na chitosan, waɗanda zasu iya samar da polyelectrolytes cationic tare da babban caji a cikin mafita na acidic, kuma suna iya samar da tsarin kamar cibiyar sadarwa ta hanyar haɗin hydrogen ko ionic. shaidu. Kwayoyin Cage, ta haka suna yin rikitarwa da cire ion ƙarfe masu nauyi da yawa masu guba da cutarwa. Chitosan da abubuwan da suka samo asali suna da fa'ida iri-iri, ba wai kawai a cikin yadi, bugu da rini ba, yin takarda, magani, abinci, masana'antar sinadarai, ilmin halitta da aikin gona da sauran fagage da yawa suna da ƙimar aikace-aikacen da yawa, har ma a cikin maganin ruwa, ana iya amfani da su. a matsayin adsorbent, flocculation agents, fungicides, ion Exchangers, membrane shirye-shirye, da dai sauransu. Chitosan an amince da shi daga Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka a matsayin wakili mai tsarkakewa don ruwan sha saboda fa'idodinsa na musamman a aikace-aikacen samar da ruwa da kuma kula da ruwa.

Aikace-aikace naChitosana cikin Maganin Ruwa

(1) Cire daskararru da aka dakatar a cikin ruwa. A cikin ruwa na halitta, ya zama tsarin colloid da aka caje mara kyau saboda kasancewar kwayoyin cutar yumbu, da dai sauransu. A matsayin dogon sarkar cationic polymer, chitosan na iya kunna ayyukan dual na neutralization na lantarki da coagulation da adsorption da bridging, kuma yana da karfi coagulation. tasiri akan abubuwan da aka dakatar. Idan aka kwatanta da alum na gargajiya da polyacrylamide a matsayin flocculants, chitosan yana da kyakkyawan sakamako mai fayyace. RAVID et al. yayi nazarin tasirin maganin flocculation na rarraba ruwa na kaolin guda ɗaya lokacin da ƙimar pH na chitosan ya kasance 5-9, kuma ya gano cewa ƙimar pH ta yi tasiri sosai, kuma ingantaccen ƙimar pH na cire turbidity shine 7.0-7.5. 1mg/L flocculant, yawan cire turbidity ya wuce 90%, kuma flocs ɗin da aka samar suna da ƙarfi da sauri, kuma jimlar flocculation sedimentation lokaci bai wuce 1h; amma lokacin da ƙimar pH ta ragu ko ƙaruwa, ƙimar flocculation yana raguwa, yana nuna cewa kawai A cikin kewayon pH mai kunkuntar, chitosan zai iya samar da ingantaccen polymerization tare da barbashi na kaolin. Wasu nazarin sun gano cewa lokacin da aka bi da dakatarwar bentonite mai flocculated tare da chitosan, ƙimar pH mai dacewa tana da faɗi. Saboda haka, a lokacin da turbid ruwa ya ƙunshi barbashi kama da kaolin, shi wajibi ne don ƙara daidai adadin bentonite a matsayin coagulant don inganta polymerization.chitosana kan barbashi. Daga baya, RAVID et al. gano cewa

Idan akwai humus a cikin kaolin ko titanium dioxide dakatarwa, yana da sauƙi a zubar da shi tare da chitosan, saboda humus mara kyau yana haɗe zuwa saman sassan, kuma humus yana sauƙaƙa daidaita ƙimar pH. Har yanzu Chitosan ya nuna kyawawan kaddarorin flocculation ga jikin ruwa na halitta tare da turbidity daban-daban da alkalinity.

(2) Cire algae da kwayoyin cuta daga cikin ruwa. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wasu mutane a kasashen waje sun fara nazarin adsorption da flocculation na chitosan akan tsarin kwayoyin colloid kamar algae da kwayoyin cuta. Chitosan yana da tasirin cirewa akan algae na ruwa, wato Spirulina, Oscillator algae, Chlorella da algae-kore. Nazarin ya nuna cewa ga algae na ruwa, cirewa ya fi kyau a pH na 7; ga marine algae, pH yana ƙasa. Matsakaicin adadin da ya dace na chitosan ya dogara da yawan algae a cikin ruwa. Mafi girman yawan algae, ana buƙatar ƙara yawan adadin chitosan, kuma karuwar adadin chitosan yana haifar da ɗigon ruwa da hazo. sauri. Turbidity na iya auna kawar da algae. Lokacin da darajar pH ta kasance 7,5mg/Lchitosanzai iya cire 90% na turbidity a cikin ruwa, kuma mafi girma da algae maida hankali, da m da floc barbashi da kuma mafi kyau da sedimentation yi.

Binciken da aka yi da ƙananan ƙananan ya nuna cewa algae da aka cire ta hanyar flocculation da ƙwanƙwasa an haɗa su ne kawai kuma an haɗa su tare, kuma har yanzu suna cikin yanayi mara kyau da aiki. Tun da chitosan baya haifar da wani mummunan tasiri akan nau'in ruwa, ana iya amfani da ruwan da aka yi da shi don kiwo na ruwa, sabanin sauran flocculants na roba don maganin ruwa. Hanyar kawar da chitosan akan ƙwayoyin cuta yana da ɗan rikitarwa. Ta hanyar nazarin flocculation na Escherichia coli tare da chitosan, an gano cewa tsarin haɗin gwiwa mara daidaituwa shine babban tsarin tsarin flocculation, kuma chitosan yana samar da haɗin gwiwar hydrogen akan tarkace ta tantanin halitta. Wani bincike ya nuna cewa ingancin chitosan flocculation na E. coli ya dogara ba kawai akan cajin dielectric ba har ma da girmansa na hydraulic.

(3) Cire ragowar aluminum da tsarkake ruwan sha. Aluminum salts da polyaluminum flocculants ana amfani da su sosai a cikin hanyoyin magance ruwa na famfo, amma yin amfani da flocculants na gishiri na aluminum na iya haifar da ƙara yawan abubuwan aluminum a cikin ruwan sha. Ragowar aluminum a cikin ruwan sha babban haɗari ne ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Ko da yake chitosan shima yana da matsalar ragowar ruwa, domin shi ne na halitta aminopolysaccharide alkaline mara guba, ragowar ba zai haifar da lahani ga jikin dan adam ba, kuma ana iya cire shi a cikin tsarin jiyya na gaba. Bugu da ƙari, haɗaɗɗen amfani da chitosan da flocculants inorganic kamar polyaluminum chloride na iya rage abun ciki na ragowar aluminum. Sabili da haka, a cikin maganin ruwan sha, chitosan yana da fa'idodin da sauran ƙwayoyin polymer flocculants na roba ba za su iya maye gurbinsu ba.

Aikace-aikacen Chitosan a cikin Jiyya na Ruwa

(1) Cire ions karfe. Sarkar kwayoyin halitta nachitosankuma abubuwan da suka samo asalinsa sun ƙunshi ɗimbin ƙungiyoyin amino da ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl, don haka yana da tasiri akan ions ƙarfe da yawa, kuma yana iya haɗawa ko kama ions masu nauyi a cikin maganin. Catherine A. Eiden da sauran nazarin sun nuna cewa ƙarfin adsorption na chitosan zuwa Pb2+ da Cr3+ (a cikin naúrar chitosan) ya kai 0.2 mmol / g da 0.25 mmol / g, bi da bi, kuma yana da ƙarfin adsorption. Zhang Ting'an et al. An yi amfani da deacetylated chitosan don cire jan karfe ta flocculation. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa lokacin da darajar pH ta kasance 8.0 kuma yawancin ions na jan karfe a cikin samfurin ruwa ya kasance ƙasa da 100 mg / L, ƙimar cire jan ƙarfe ya wuce 99%; Matsakaicin yawan taro shine 400mg/L, kuma yawan adadin ions na jan karfe a cikin ragowar ruwa har yanzu ya dace da ma'aunin fitar da ruwa na kasa. Wani gwaji ya tabbatar da cewa lokacin da pH = 5.0 da lokacin adsorption ya kasance 2h, yawan cirewar chitosan zuwa Ni2+ a cikin sinadarai na nickel plating sharar ruwa zai iya kaiwa 72.25%.

(2) Kula da ruwan datti tare da abubuwan gina jiki masu yawa kamar ruwan sharar abinci. A lokacin sarrafa abinci, ana fitar da ruwan datti mai ɗauke da adadin daskararru mai yawa. Kwayoyin chitosan sun ƙunshi rukunin amide, rukunin amino da ƙungiyar hydroxyl. Tare da protonation na rukunin amino, yana nuna rawar cationic polyelectrolyte, wanda ba wai kawai yana da tasirin chelating akan ƙananan karafa ba, har ma yana iya jujjuya shi sosai kuma yana lalata barbashi masu kyau a cikin ruwa. Chitin da chitosan na iya samar da gidaje ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar hydrogen tare da sunadarai, amino acid, fatty acid, da sauransu. Fang Zhimin et al. amfanichitosan, aluminum sulfate, ferric sulfate da polypropylene phthalamide a matsayin flocculants don dawo da furotin daga sarrafa ruwan teku. Ana iya samun adadin dawo da furotin mai girma da kuma watsar da haske. Domin ita kanta chitosan ba ta da guba kuma ba ta da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu, ana iya amfani da ita don sake sarrafa abubuwa masu amfani kamar su furotin da sitaci a cikin ruwan datti daga masana'antar sarrafa abinci don sarrafawa da sake amfani da su, kamar ƙara don ciyarwa azaman abincin dabbobi.

(3) Maganin bugu da rini. Bugawa da rina ruwan sha na nufin ruwan dattin da ake fitarwa daga auduga, ulu, fiber na sinadarai da sauran kayayyakin masaku a cikin aikin riga-kafi, rini, bugu da kammalawa. Yawanci yana ƙunshe da salts, Organic surfactants da rini, da sauransu, tare da hadaddun abubuwa, manyan chroma da babban COD. , da kuma tasowa a cikin hanyar anti-oxidation da anti-biodegradation, wanda ke da matukar illa ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli. Chitosan ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin amino da ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl, kuma yana da tasiri mai ƙarfi akan rini, gami da: adsorption ta jiki, tallan sinadarai da tallan musayar ion, galibi ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar hydrogen, jan hankali na electrostatic, musayar ion, van der Waals ƙarfi, hulɗar hydrophobic, da sauransu. tasiri. A lokaci guda, tsarin kwayoyin halitta na chitosan ya ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na ƙungiyoyin amino na farko, waɗanda ke samar da kyakkyawan wakili na polymer chelating ta hanyar haɗin kai, wanda zai iya lalata rini a cikin ruwan datti, kuma ba mai guba bane kuma baya haifar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu.

(4) Aikace-aikace a cikin sludge dewatering. A halin yanzu, mafi yawan masana'antun sarrafa najasa na birni suna amfani da cationic polyacrylamide don magance sludge. Aiki ya nuna cewa wannan wakili yana da tasiri mai kyau na flocculation kuma yana da sauƙi don cire sludge ruwa, amma ragowarsa, musamman acrylamide monomer, yana da karfi na carcinogen. Don haka, aiki ne mai ma'ana don neman maye gurbinsa. Chitosan ne mai kyau sludge kwandishana, wanda taimaka wajen samar da kunna sludge kwayoyin micelles, wanda zai iya agglomerate barnatar da dakatar da al'amarin da kwayoyin halitta a cikin bayani, da kuma inganta jiyya yadda ya dace da kunna sludge aiwatar. Nazarin ya nuna cewa polyaluminum chloride / chitosan composite flocculant ba wai kawai yana da tasirin gaske a cikin kwandishan sludge ba, amma kuma idan aka kwatanta da yin amfani da PAC guda ɗaya ko chitosan, ƙayyadaddun juriya na sludge ya fara kai ƙaramin matsayi, kuma ƙimar tacewa ya fi girma. Yana da sauri kuma shine mafi kyawun kwandishan; Bugu da kari, ana amfani da nau'ikan carboxymethyl chitosan iri uku (N-carboxymethyl chitosan, N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan da O-carboxymethyl chitosan) kamar yadda aka gwada flocculant akan aikin dewatering na sludge, kuma an gano cewa flocs da aka kafa sun kasance. mai ƙarfi kuma ba sauƙin karya ba, yana nuna cewa tasirin flocculant akan sludge dewatering ya fi na flocculants na yau da kullun.

Chitosankuma abubuwan da suka samo asali daga cikinta suna da wadatar albarkatu, na halitta, marasa guba, masu lalacewa, kuma suna da kaddarori iri-iri a lokaci guda. Su ne masu kula da ruwan koren. Danyen kayan sa, chitin, shine na biyu mafi girma na kwayoyin halitta a duniya. Saboda haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ci gaban chitosan a cikin maganin ruwa yana da ci gaba mai girma. A matsayin polymer na halitta wanda ke juya sharar gida ta zama taska, an fara amfani da chitosan a fannoni da yawa, amma aiki da aikace-aikacen samfuran cikin gida har yanzu suna da tazara idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashe masu ci gaba. Tare da zurfafa bincike akan chitosan da abubuwan da suka samo asali, musamman chitosan da aka gyara tare da kyawawan kaddarorin haɓakawa, yana da ƙarin ƙimar aikace-aikacen. Bincika fasahar aikace-aikacen chitosan a cikin maganin ruwa da haɓaka samfuran abokantaka na muhalli na abubuwan da suka samo asali na chitosan tare da faffadan aikace-aikacen za su sami fa'ida mai faɗin ƙimar kasuwa da kuma fatan aikace-aikace.

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