Maganin Ruwan Sharar Chitosan

A cikin tsarin sarrafa ruwa na gargajiya, mafi yawan amfani da flocculants sune gishirin aluminum da gishirin ƙarfe, gishirin aluminum da ya rage a cikin ruwan da aka yi wa magani zai yi wa lafiyar ɗan adam barazana, kuma sauran gishirin ƙarfe zai shafi launin ruwa, da sauransu; a mafi yawansu A cikin maganin sharar gida, yana da wuya a shawo kan matsalolin gurɓataccen yanayi kamar yawan laka da wahalar zubar da laka. Saboda haka, neman samfurin halitta wanda ba ya haifar da gurɓataccen yanayi don maye gurbin gishirin aluminum da gishirin ƙarfe shine buƙatar aiwatar da dabarun ci gaba mai ɗorewa a yau. Flocculants na polymer na halitta sun jawo hankali sosai tsakanin flocculants da yawa saboda yawan albarkatun ƙasa, ƙarancin farashi, kyakkyawan zaɓi, ƙaramin adadin, aminci da rashin guba, da kuma cikakken lalatawar halittu. Bayan shekaru da yawa na ci gaba, adadi mai yawa na flocculants na polymer na halitta tare da halaye da amfani daban-daban sun bayyana, daga cikinsu sitaci, lignin, chitosan da manne na kayan lambu a halin yanzu ana amfani da su sosai.

ChitosanKadarorin

Chitosan fari ne mai launin fari mai kama da siffa mai haske, mai kama da siffa mai kama da siffa, wanda ba ya narkewa a cikin ruwa amma yana narkewa a cikin acid, wanda shine samfurin deacetylation na chitin. Gabaɗaya, ana iya kiran chitosan da chitosan lokacin da aka cire rukunin N-acetyl a cikin chitin da fiye da 55%. Chitin shine babban ɓangaren exoskeletons na dabbobi da kwari, kuma shine na biyu mafi girma a cikin halitta bayan cellulose. A matsayin flocculant, chitosan na halitta ne, ba shi da guba kuma yana iya lalacewa. Akwai ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl da yawa, ƙungiyoyin amino da wasu ƙungiyoyin N-acetylamino da aka rarraba akan sarkar macromolecular na chitosan, waɗanda zasu iya samar da polyelectrolytes cationic tare da yawan caji mai yawa a cikin mafita na acidic, kuma yana iya samar da tsarin cibiyar sadarwa ta hanyar haɗin hydrogen ko haɗin ionic. Kwayoyin keji, ta haka suna haɗakarwa da cire ions masu guba da haɗari da yawa. Chitosan da abubuwan da aka samo daga gare ta suna da amfani iri-iri, ba wai kawai a cikin yadi, bugawa da rini ba, yin takarda, magani, abinci, masana'antar sinadarai, ilmin halitta da noma da sauran fannoni da yawa suna da ƙimar aikace-aikace da yawa, har ma a cikin maganin ruwa, ana iya amfani da shi azaman mai sha, wakilin flocculation, maganin fungi, musayar ion, shirye-shiryen membrane, da sauransu. Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka ta amince da Chitosan a matsayin wakili mai tsarkakewa don shan ruwan saboda fa'idodinsa na musamman a aikace-aikacen samar da ruwa da kuma maganin ruwa.

Amfani daChitosana cikin Maganin Ruwa

(1) Cire daskararrun da aka dakatar a cikin jikin ruwa. A cikin ruwan halitta, yana zama tsarin colloid mai caji mara kyau saboda wanzuwar ƙwayoyin cuta na yumbu, da sauransu. A matsayinsa na polymer mai dogon sarkar cationic, chitosan na iya yin ayyuka biyu na neutralization na lantarki da coagulation da adsorption da gadging, kuma yana da tasirin coagulation mai ƙarfi akan abubuwan da aka dakatar. Idan aka kwatanta da alum na gargajiya da polyacrylamide azaman flocculants, chitosan yana da ingantaccen tasirin bayyanawa. RAVID et al. sun yi nazarin tasirin maganin flocculation na rarrabawar ruwan kaolin guda ɗaya lokacin da ƙimar pH na chitosan ta kasance 5-9, kuma sun gano cewa flocculation ya shafi sosai ta hanyar ƙimar pH, kuma ingantaccen ƙimar cire turbidity shine 7.0-7.5. 1mg/L flocculant, ƙimar cire turbidity ta wuce 90%, kuma flocs ɗin da aka samar suna da kauri da sauri, kuma jimlar lokacin flocculation ba ya wuce awa 1; amma lokacin da ƙimar pH ta ragu ko ta ƙaru, ingancin flocculation yana raguwa, yana nuna cewa kawai A cikin kunkuntar kewayon pH, chitosan na iya samar da kyakkyawan polymerization tare da barbashi na kaolin. Wasu bincike sun gano cewa lokacin da aka yi wa flocculated bentonite suspension da chitosan, kewayon ƙimar pH da ya dace yana da faɗi. Saboda haka, lokacin da ruwan turbid ya ƙunshi barbashi masu kama da kaolin, ya zama dole a ƙara adadin bentonite da ya dace a matsayin coagulant don inganta polymerization nachitosanakan ƙwayoyin cuta. Daga baya, RAVID da sauransu sun gano cewa

Idan akwai humus a cikin kaolin ko titanium dioxide, yana da sauƙin flocculate da kuma sprinkles shi da chitosan, saboda humus mai caji mara kyau yana haɗe da saman ƙwayoyin, kuma humus yana sa ya zama mai sauƙin daidaita ƙimar pH. Chitosan har yanzu yana nuna kyawawan halaye na flocculation ga jikin ruwa na halitta tare da turbidity da alkalinity daban-daban.

(2) Cire algae da ƙwayoyin cuta daga jikin ruwa. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wasu mutane a ƙasashen waje sun fara nazarin shaye-shaye da zubar da chitosan akan tsarin colloid na halittu kamar algae da ƙwayoyin cuta. Chitosan yana da tasirin cirewa akan algae mai ruwan sha, wato Spirulina, Oscillator algae, Chlorella da algae mai launin shuɗi-kore. Bincike ya nuna cewa ga algae mai ruwan sha, cirewa ya fi kyau a pH na 7; ga algae na ruwa, pH ya fi ƙasa. Matsakaicin adadin chitosan ya dogara da yawan algae a cikin jikin ruwa. Mafi girman yawan algae, ana buƙatar ƙara yawan adadin chitosan, kuma ƙaruwar yawan chitosan yana haifar da flocculation da hazo cikin sauri. Turbidity na iya auna cire algae. Lokacin da ƙimar pH ta kasance 7, 5mg/Lchitosanzai iya cire kashi 90% na datti a cikin ruwa, kuma mafi girman yawan algae, haka nan ƙwayoyin floc ɗin ke ƙara ƙarfi kuma aikin sedimentation ɗin zai inganta.

Binciken da aka yi a ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa algae da aka cire ta hanyar flocculation da sedimentation an tattara su ne kawai aka manne su tare, kuma har yanzu suna cikin yanayi mai kyau da aiki. Tunda chitosan ba ya haifar da wani mummunan tasiri ga nau'ikan ruwa, har yanzu ana iya amfani da ruwan da aka yi wa magani don kiwon ruwa mai tsafta, ba kamar sauran flocculants na roba don maganin ruwa ba. Hanyar cire chitosan akan ƙwayoyin cuta yana da rikitarwa. Ta hanyar nazarin flocculation na Escherichia coli tare da chitosan, an gano cewa hanyar haɗin gwiwa mara daidaito ita ce babban hanyar tsarin flocculation, kuma chitosan yana samar da haɗin hydrogen akan tarkacen ƙwayoyin halitta. Wani bincike ya nuna cewa ingancin flocculation na chitosan na E. coli ya dogara ba kawai akan ƙarfin dielectric ba har ma da girmansa na hydraulic.

(3) Cire ragowar aluminum sannan a tsarkake ruwan sha. Ana amfani da gishirin aluminum da polyaluminum flocculants sosai a cikin hanyoyin tace ruwan famfo, amma amfani da flocculants na gishirin aluminum na iya haifar da ƙaruwar sinadarin aluminum a cikin ruwan sha. Sauran aluminum a cikin ruwan sha babban haɗari ne ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Duk da cewa chitosan yana da matsalar ragowar ruwa, saboda aminopolysaccharide ne na halitta wanda ba shi da guba, ragowar ba zai cutar da jikin ɗan adam ba, kuma ana iya cire shi a cikin tsarin magani na gaba. Bugu da ƙari, haɗakar amfani da chitosan da flocculants marasa amfani kamar polyaluminum chloride na iya rage yawan aluminum da ya rage. Saboda haka, a cikin maganin ruwan sha, chitosan yana da fa'idodi waɗanda sauran flocculants na polymer na roba ba za su iya maye gurbinsu ba.

Amfani da Chitosan a Maganin Ruwa Mai Tsabta

(1) Cire ions na ƙarfe. Sarkar kwayoyin halitta tachitosankuma abubuwan da aka samo daga gare shi sun ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na amino groups da hydroxyl groups, don haka yana da tasirin chelating akan ions na ƙarfe da yawa, kuma yana iya sha ko kama ions na ƙarfe masu nauyi a cikin maganin. Catherine A. Eiden da sauran bincike sun nuna cewa ƙarfin sha na chitosan zuwa Pb2+ da Cr3+ (a cikin naúrar chitosan) ya kai 0.2 mmol/g da 0.25 mmol/g, bi da bi, kuma yana da ƙarfin sha. Zhang Ting'an da sauransu sun yi amfani da chitosan deacetylated don cire jan ƙarfe ta hanyar flocculation. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa lokacin da ƙimar pH ta kasance 8.0 kuma yawan ions na jan ƙarfe a cikin samfurin ruwa ya kasance ƙasa da 100 mg/L, ƙimar cire jan ƙarfe ya wuce 99%; Yawan taro shine 400mg/L, kuma yawan ions na jan ƙarfe a cikin ruwan da ya rage har yanzu ya cika ƙa'idar fitar da ruwan shara ta ƙasa. Wani gwaji ya tabbatar da cewa lokacin da pH = 5.0 da lokacin sha ya kasance awanni 2, yawan cire chitosan zuwa Ni2+ a cikin sharar nickel mai sinadarin sha zai iya kaiwa kashi 72.25%.

(2) A yi amfani da ruwan shara mai yawan furotin kamar ruwan sharar abinci. A lokacin sarrafa abinci, ruwan shara mai dauke da adadi mai yawa na daskararru ana fitar da shi. Kwayar chitosan ta ƙunshi rukunin amide, rukunin amino da rukunin hydroxyl. Tare da protonation na rukunin amino, yana nuna rawar da cationic polyelectrolyte ke takawa, wanda ba wai kawai yana da tasirin chelating akan ƙarfe masu nauyi ba, har ma yana iya flocculate da shaye ƙwayoyin da ke da ƙarancin caji a cikin ruwa yadda ya kamata. Chitin da chitosan na iya samar da hadaddun abubuwa ta hanyar haɗa hydrogen da sunadarai, amino acid, fatty acid, da sauransu. Fang Zhimin et al.chitosan, aluminum sulfate, ferric sulfate da polypropylene phthalamide a matsayin flocculants don dawo da furotin daga abincin teku da ke sarrafa ruwan sharar gida. Ana iya samun ingantaccen saurin dawo da furotin da kuma watsa haske mai yawa. Saboda chitosan kanta ba shi da guba kuma ba shi da gurɓataccen abu na biyu, ana iya amfani da shi don sake amfani da abubuwa masu amfani kamar furotin da sitaci a cikin ruwan sharar gida daga masana'antun sarrafa abinci don sarrafawa da sake amfani da su, kamar ƙarawa a cikin abinci azaman abincin dabbobi.

(3) Maganin bugu da rina ruwan shara. Bugawa da rina ruwan shara yana nufin ruwan shara da aka fitar daga auduga, ulu, zare na sinadarai da sauran kayayyakin yadi a tsarin riga-kafi, rina, bugawa da kammalawa. Yawanci yana dauke da gishiri, abubuwan da ke dauke da sinadarai na halitta da kuma rina, da sauransu, tare da abubuwan da suka hada da hadadden sinadarai, babban chroma da kuma yawan COD., kuma yana bunkasa a cikin hanyar hana oxidation da hana lalata kwayoyin halitta, wanda yake da matukar illa ga lafiyar dan adam da muhalli. Chitosan ya kunshi amino groups da hydroxyl groups, kuma yana da karfi wajen shara akan rina, wadanda suka hada da: shara ta jiki, shara ta sinadarai da shara ta musayar ion, galibi ta hanyar hadewar hydrogen, jan hankalin electrostatic, musayar ion, karfin van der Waals, huldar hydrophobic, da sauransu. A lokaci guda, tsarin kwayoyin halitta na chitosan ya kunshi adadi mai yawa na manyan amino groups, wadanda ke samar da kyakkyawan wakilin chelating polymer ta hanyar hadin gwiwa, wanda zai iya tara rina a cikin ruwan shara, kuma ba shi da guba kuma baya haifar da gurbacewar ta biyu.

(4) Amfani da shi a cikin najasa ta hanyar cire ruwa daga laka. A halin yanzu, yawancin cibiyoyin kula da najasa na birane suna amfani da cationic polyacrylamide don magance laka. Aiki ya nuna cewa wannan wakili yana da kyakkyawan tasirin flocculation kuma yana da sauƙin cire laka daga ruwa, amma ragowarsa, musamman acrylamide monomer, mai ƙarfi ne na cutar kansa. Saboda haka, aiki ne mai ma'ana don neman maye gurbinsa. Chitosan kyakkyawan najasa ne, wanda ke taimakawa wajen samar da ƙwayoyin cuta masu aiki da micelles, waɗanda za su iya haɗa abubuwa da aka dakatar da su da ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin maganin, da kuma inganta ingancin magani na tsarin laka da aka kunna. Nazarin ya nuna cewa polyaluminum chloride/chitosan composite flocculant ba wai kawai yana da tasiri a bayyane a cikin najasa ta hanyar rage laka ba, har ma idan aka kwatanta da amfani da PAC ko chitosan guda ɗaya, juriyar laka ta musamman ta fara kaiwa ƙasa, kuma ƙimar tacewa ta fi girma. Yana da sauri kuma yana da mafi kyawun najasa; Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da nau'ikan carboxymethyl chitosan guda uku (N-carboxymethyl chitosan, N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan da O-carboxymethyl chitosan) a matsayin . An gwada flocculant akan aikin dewatering na sludge, kuma an gano cewa flocs ɗin da aka samar suna da ƙarfi kuma ba su da sauƙin karyewa, wanda ke nuna cewa tasirin flocculant akan dewatering na sludge ya fi na flocculants na yau da kullun kyau.

Chitosankuma abubuwan da aka samo daga gare shi suna da wadataccen albarkatu, na halitta, ba su da guba, suna lalacewa, kuma suna da halaye daban-daban a lokaci guda. Su ne masu maganin ruwan kore. Kayan amfanin sa, chitin, shine na biyu mafi girma a cikin halitta a duniya. Saboda haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ci gaban chitosan a cikin maganin ruwa yana da saurin girma a bayyane. A matsayin polymer na halitta wanda ke mayar da sharar gida zuwa taska, an fara amfani da chitosan a fannoni da yawa, amma aikin da aikace-aikacen kayayyakin cikin gida har yanzu suna da wani gibi idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashe masu ci gaba. Tare da zurfafa bincike kan chitosan da abubuwan da aka samo daga gare shi, musamman chitosan da aka gyara tare da kyawawan halayen haɗakarwa, yana da ƙimar aikace-aikace da yawa. Binciken fasahar aikace-aikacen chitosan a cikin maganin ruwa da haɓaka samfuran da suka dace da muhalli na abubuwan da aka samo daga chitosan tare da kewayon aikace-aikacen da yawa zai sami fa'idar kasuwa da yuwuwar aikace-aikace.

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